Reptiles :: essays research papers

Reptiles are vertebrate, or backb integrityd animals constituting the class Reptilia and are characterized by a combination of features, none of which alone could separate all reptiles from all other animals.The characteristics of reptiles are numerous, therefore can not be explained in great detail in this report. In no special found, the characteristics of reptiles are cold-bloodedness the presence of lungs direct development, without larval forms as in amphibians a dry skin with scales but not feathers or hairsbreadth an amniote egg internal fertilization a three or four-chambered heart two aortic arches (blood vessels) carrying blood from the heart to the body, unlike mammals and birds that only have one a metanephric kidney twelve pairs of cranial nerves and skeletal features such as limbs with usually five clawed fingers or toes, at least two spinal anaesthesia bones associated with the pelvis, a single ball-and-socket connection at the head-neck joint instead of two, as in advanced amphibians and mammals, and an incomplete or complete partition on the roof of the mouth, separating the food and air pass sequenceways so that breathing can continue while food is being chewed. These and other traditional defining characteristics of reptiles have been subjected to goodish modification in recent times. The out(p) flying reptiles, called pterosaurs or pterodactyls, are today thought to have been warm-blooded and covered with hair. Also, the dinosaurs are also now considered by many authorities to have been warm-blooded. The earliest known bird, archaeopteryx, is now regarded by many to have been a small dinosaur, despite its covering of feathers The extinct ancestors of the mammals, the therapsids, or mammallike reptiles, are also believed to have been warm-blooded and haired. Proposals have been made to reclassify the pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and certain other groups out of the class Reptilia into one or more classes of their own. The class Reptilia is div ided into 6 to 12 subclasses by different authorities. This includes living and extinct species. In addition, a number of these subclasses are solely extinct. The subclasses contain about 24 orders, but only 4 of these are still represented by living animals.Of the living orders of reptiles, two arose earlier than the age of reptiles, when dinosaurs were dominant. Tuataras, of the order Rhynchocephalia, are found only on New Zealand islands, whereas the equally ancient turtles, order Chelonia, occur nearly worldwide. The order Crocodilia emerged along with the dinosaurs. Snakes and lizards, order Squamata, are today the most numerous reptile species.

Essay example --

Modern SlaveryI. Introduction A. How would you feel like living in a ground where all your freedom is taken away?B. In history class, we learned that approximately 150 years ago Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves, but we forget that unexampled forma of slavery still exist in our world today.C. At this blink of an eye, there are 27 jillion slaves in the world suffering from modern forms of servitude.D. First, I will explain this thesis statement in more detail, then Ill describe how this changed the world and what government are doing to combat this international crisis.E. Now, let me start by giving some background information on modern slavery.II. gracious trafficking is the modern form of slavery that occurs in many countries throughout the world affecting men, women, and children.A. Two basic forms of human trafficking are labor trafficking and sex trafficking.1. Labor Trafficking victimisation force, fraud or coercion to recruit, harbor, transport, obtain or e mploy a person for labor or services in involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage or slavery. Victims can be found in domestic situations as nannies or maids, sweatshop factories, janitorial jobs, construction sites, farm work, restaurants, and panhandling. (Williams, 2013) 2. Sex Trafficking Involving commercial acts induced by force, fraud or coercion, or in which the person performing the act is under age 18. Victims can be found working in massage parlors, on the streets, in brothels, strip clubs, and escort services. (Williams, 2013) B. Slavery exist in nearly every country, whether the countries are origin countries, transit countries, or destination countries and effects all men, women, and children.1. Human trafficking is widespread data taken from th... ...Council, Chinas Cabinet The mechanism will be conducive to curbing the rise of human trafficking cases and ensuring that victims of trafficking are rehabilitated and relocated in a timely manner, the plan noted.C. As you can see the United States, as well as many other countries, have made efforts to crack conquer on trafficking, educate vulnerable people, and rehabilitate the victims of these horrific crimes. V. Conclusion A. Modern slavery affects men, women, and children in every country throughout the world through oneness way or another, but finally government agencies or organizations are taking action to put an end to this international crisis.B. There are 27 million human beings that are bound to servitude through out the world today.C. The next time you enjoy sipping on you morning coffee, take a moment to think about the slave who made it all possible.

Comapring George Orwells 1984 and Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Essa

Comapring George Orwells 1984 and Aldous Huxleys Brave New WorldImagine a world in which population are produced in factories, a world lostof all granting immunity and case-by-caseity, a world where people are exiled or disappearfor breaking the mold. Both 1984 by George Orwell and Aldous HuxleysBrave New World are startling depictions of such a society. Although thesenovels are of fictional worlds, control of the future may be subtly evolving and bonny far worse than Huxley or Orwell could ever have imagined. Eachsociety destroys the freedom of the individual through various controllingmethods such as the defense reaction of language and literature, a caste system and conditioning.One way in which each society controls is by curb the language andliterature of every citizen. In 1984, a language called Newspeak is devised in coordinate to narrow all ruling into unmatchable mode. There are three categories of Newspeak language A, B and C. The A vocabulary consists of words used in everyday life to express simple thoughts. The B vocabulary includes wordsmeant for political usage, forcing a particular mental earth on the person usingthe vocabulary. Finally, the C vocabulary is based solely on technical andscientific words, constructed of only strict and rigid meanings. Individualthought is completely impossible because the constricted vocabulary is intendedto include only principles of the Newspeak language. The vocabulary isconstructed so that words of unorthodox meaning such as individual freedomare eliminated all together. Newspeak is designed to douse the flame ofthought and idea, while encouraging collective ideas. Over time, Newspeakdestroys any variation of idea from the intention of the partys. Literature is also slowly altered so that the authors original meaning is lost to the meaning of the Newspeak language. Newspeak translations seem to consume thoughts and memories much similar a sponge absorbs water. In the Brave New World, literature and a rt are taken away in order todestroy individuality and freedom of thought. For as Mustapha Mond says, Itisnt only art thats incompatible with happiness its also science. Science is dangerous we have to keep it most cautiously chained and muzzled (Huxley231). The Controller has made thinking impossible by taking away all science,art and religious b... ...ind-set associated with their castes. They are conditioned to dread beingness alone, for isolation creates introspection, which in turn fosters a sense of individualism. For example, this is expressed in a scene where Bernard takes Lenina out on a first date. He suggests they go for a walk and talk, but Lenina finds such an activity distasteful. She instead persuades Bernard to take her to the Semi-Demi Finals of the Womens Heavyweight Wrestling Championships (Huxley 64). Soma tablets are also distributed in order to calm any hint of revolt or occurrence of thought. It is a drug taken to dull the senses of the urgency and desire fo r action. For as Lenina says, Remember one cubic centimetere cures ten gloomy sentiments (Huxley 89). Throughout 1984 and Brave New World, each method of control isintended to keep the individual from questioning their individuality. By limiting language and literature, creating social classes and conditioning, these societies are able to accomplish their goal. Yet, as long as humans continue to desire to acquire knowledge, this will never be allowed to happen. For it is upon the strengths of the individuals that our entire society is built.

tough choices :: essays research papers

I was asked to think back about something memorable and to write an test about a lifes lesson learned. In advanced school, association football was very important to me. It was my favorite sport. My freshman year I decided to natural selection and focus on only one of the many sports I had played in the passed. I came to the conclusion that I should play association football considering it was one I was strongest at. I as well as enjoyed soccer more than the other sports I had played because it was a tough sport, which was a challenge to me. During the years I played high school soccer I made a decision in which when I look back on, I think I could have handled differently. I never talk up. I would just do what I was told to do. Whatever I was told to do I did it the vanquish I could. I thought that cooperating, comprehend and giving it my best shot is what would get me ahead before someone else. exactly I was wrong and that has cost me dearly.As a freshman I played soccer for Paramus Catholic High School. I started as a out front on their secondary varsity aggroup. As the season went on the varsity coach discover my aggressiveness and moved me up to play with our varsity team. To be picked out of all the girls on the team I cant tell you of a better feeling of self-pride.Then as a sophomore I transferred to Hackensack High School. There, I again started as a forward for their junior varsity team. Later into the season I was brought up to practice with varsity. I practiced with varsity but only played in a couple of games. pretend my disappointment, I joined the soccer team to play, not sit on the bench. I worked so hard in practice to conjure up myself but it got me nowhere, not even a chance. So I asked to be moved back down to junior varsity where I could play. At least on the junior varsity team I was recognized for my efforts. As a junior I tried again and made the varsity team at tryouts. I was excited because we had lost a lot of senio rs and I expected to get more playing time. Upperclassmen always played over underclassmen. But I was wrong. alternatively I sat the bench and freshmen played over me.tough choices essays research papers I was asked to think back about something memorable and to write an essay about a lifes lesson learned. In high school, soccer was very important to me. It was my favorite sport. My freshman year I decided to pick and focus on only one of the many sports I had played in the passed. I came to the conclusion that I should play soccer considering it was one I was strongest at. I also enjoyed soccer more than the other sports I had played because it was a tough sport, which was a challenge to me. During the years I played high school soccer I made a decision in which when I look back on, I think I could have handled differently. I never spoke up. I would just do what I was told to do. Whatever I was told to do I did it the best I could. I thought that cooperating, listening and givin g it my best shot is what would get me ahead before someone else. But I was wrong and that has cost me dearly.As a freshman I played soccer for Paramus Catholic High School. I started as a forward on their junior varsity team. As the season went on the varsity coach noticed my aggressiveness and moved me up to play with our varsity team. To be picked out of all the girls on the team I cant tell you of a better feeling of self-pride.Then as a sophomore I transferred to Hackensack High School. There, I again started as a forward for their junior varsity team. Later into the season I was brought up to practice with varsity. I practiced with varsity but only played in a couple of games. Imagine my disappointment, I joined the soccer team to play, not sit on the bench. I worked so hard in practice to prove myself but it got me nowhere, not even a chance. So I asked to be moved back down to junior varsity where I could play. At least on the junior varsity team I was recognized for my effo rts. As a junior I tried again and made the varsity team at tryouts. I was excited because we had lost a lot of seniors and I expected to get more playing time. Upperclassmen always played over underclassmen. But I was wrong. Instead I sat the bench and freshmen played over me.

The Story of the Pineapple Essay -- Botany

The Story of the PineappleAfter the discovery of America, new food plants became known to European people. The pineapple symbolizes balmy tropical toss offs and well-off life on tropical islands. The pineapple, as well as other agricultural crops such as maize, potatoes, beans, peanuts, and tobacco, originated in America and were unknown to people of the hoary World. The story of the pineapple falls into three distinct periods. The first period precedes the discovery of America and goes back into the antiquity of South America where the pineapple is believed to admit developed. There is very little information about it during this period but it is known that the pineapple was already being cultivated and widely distributed through be areas of the American tropics. The second period, covering about 400 years, extends from 1493 to 1900 when Columbus first saw pineapples on the Island of Guadeloupe in the West Indies. The third period, beginning in 1900, is characterized by the ind ustrial development of pineapple production and canning around the world, making the canned fruit available to people living in nontropical countries. Wild pineapples are in time to be found in parts of tropical America in which they are small fruited, inferior in eating qualities, and extremely seedy. To eat a pineapple full of these seeds is like trying to eat one of our present day seedless fruits containing one thousand small bits of gravel. It was believed that long periods of propagation of a domesticated species would result in the plant losing its ability to produce seeds. Actually there is no scientific evidence to this belief. Seedlessness usually appears in normal seed-bearing plants as a result of a mutation in the chromosomes... ...alting ocean water for domestic and agricultural use. Future changes and techniques will help utilization of additional land areas and supply more pineapples to people. Bibliography 1. Collins, J.L., The Pineapple, Leonard Hill Books Limite d, New York, 1960. 2. Cook, A. A. 1975. Diseases of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits and Nuts, Hafner put right, New York, 3. Fisher, D.V. 1976.History of Fruit Growing and Handling in United States of America and Canada, Regatta City Press LTD., Canada. 4. Fraser, S.M.S. 1931. American Fruits, orange Judd Publishing Company, Inc. New York.. 5. Hartman, H. T. 1981. Plant Science, Prentice-Hall, Inc, New Jersey. 6. Simmons, A. E. 1972. Growing Unusual Fruit, Walker and Company, New York. 7. Williams, C.N. 1979. Tree and Field Crops of the Wetter Regions of the Tropics, Longman Group Ltd.

The Story of the Pineapple Essay -- Botany

The Story of the PineappleAfter the discovery of the States, new food plants became known to European people. The pineapple symbolizes loony tropical lands and leisurely life on tropical islands. The pineapple, as well as other agricultural crops such as maize, potatoes, beans, peanuts, and tobacco, originated in the States and were uncharted to people of the old World. The story of the pineapple falls into three distinct periods. The first period precedes the discovery of America and goes back into the antiquity of South America where the pineapple is believed to have developed. There is very little information about it during this period but it is known that the pineapple was already being cultivated and widely distributed through inhabited areas of the American tropics. The second period, covering about 400 years, extends from 1493 to 1900 when Columbus first saw pineapples on the Island of Guadeloupe in the West Indies. The third period, root word in 1900, is characterized by the industrial development of pineapple production and canning around the world, making the canned fruit available to people living in nontropical countries. incorrect pineapples are still to be found in parts of tropical America in which they are small fruited, inferior in eating qualities, and exceedingly seedy. To eat a pineapple full of these seeds is like trying to eat one of our present day seedless fruits containing one thousand small bits of gravel. It was believed that gigantic periods of propagation of a domesticated species would result in the plant losing its ability to produce seeds. Actually there is no scientific evidence to this belief. Seedlessness usually appears in normal seed-bearing plants as a result of a mutation in the chromosomes... ...alting ocean water for domestic and agricultural use. Future changes and techniques will help function of additional land areas and supply more pineapples to people. Bibliography 1. Collins, J.L., The Pineapple, Leonard Hill Books Limited, New York, 1960. 2. Cook, A. A. 1975. Diseases of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits and Nuts, Hafner Press, New York, 3. Fisher, D.V. 1976.History of Fruit Growing and Handling in United States of America and Canada, Regatta City Press LTD., Canada. 4. Fraser, S.M.S. 1931. American Fruits, orange Judd Publishing Company, Inc. New York.. 5. Hartman, H. T. 1981. Plant Science, Prentice-Hall, Inc, New Jersey. 6. Simmons, A. E. 1972. Growing Unusual Fruit, Walker and Company, New York. 7. Williams, C.N. 1979. Tree and Field Crops of the watery Regions of the Tropics, Longman Group Ltd.

United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland

dandy Britain is made up of three countries, England, Scotland and Wales. It is an island off the coast of trades union double-u of Europe. Britain is part of the United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland. The capital is London.There be many different landscapes in Britain, from high mountains to rolling hill sand valleys. Places uniform Wales, the Lake District and northwest Scotland name high mountains and steep slopes made out of solid rocks.This landscape was made millions of years ago during the icing ages, when moving glaciers of crank made deep valleys, steep mountain slopes and long lakes. The southern and eastern parts of Britain ar made up of smaller rocks that have weathered and turn over fertile farmland.The highest point is Ben Nevis 1343 metres above sea level and the lowest point is Holme Fen 3 metres below sea level. The population is 57,970,200 people, the population density at 239 people per squargon km.92% of British people live in urban areas while only 8% live in rural areas. not bad(p) Britain is completely surrounded by sea, isolating it from the rest of Europe. No part of Britain is far from the sea, which is an important resource for fishing, tourism and ports.Britains rivers provide drinking water supply for towns, and irrigate farmers crops. However rivers can cause floods.The northern and Hesperian portions are mountainous. The highlands the Pennine Chain, forms the backbone of northern England. Rolling plains occupy most of central and eastern England. The western part of the central region is known as the Midlands. To the east lies The Fens, a marsh area. To the south, an elevated plateau slopes upward.The terrain of Scotland is mountainous but is divided into three regions, from north to south the Highlands, the Central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands. The Highlands occupy more(prenominal) than a half of Scotland, the most rugged region on the island of Great Britain.Wales has an irregular coastline and many bays the biggest is Cardigan Bay. get out for narrow and low coastal areas, brinyly in the south and west, Wales is mostly mountainous.Great Britain has quite cool summers and mild winters. The weather changes from day to day. The climate is clement the country does not have long periods when it is hot or cold.Western parts of Britain receive more rain and snow during the year than south and east. This is because southwest winds bring water from the Atlantic Ocean to the west, which falls as rain where it meets the mountains on land. There are large amounts of water in this area and a shortage in the south and the east.Britains climate is getting warmer. Average temperatures have risen 0.5c since 1850. This is enough to start the polar ice caps melting. If the ice caps continue to melt, large areas of southern and eastern England will be permanently flooded.The mean annual temperature ranges between 11.1c in the south and 8.9c in the northeast.Fogs, mists, and overcast skies are frequent, particularly in the inland regions.Like the climate of the rest of Great Britain, Scotland is influenced by the surrounding seas. As a result, extreme changes are rare and temperate winters and cool summers are the major climate features. Low temperatures are common in the winter season. Precipitation ranges from about 3810mm annually in the western Highlands to about 635mm annually in eastern areas.The climate of Wales, is a lot like Englands, it is mild and moist. Annual rainfall changes with elevation, ranging from about 762 mm in coastal regions to more than 2540 mm in the Snowdon massif.As a result of the relative warmth of the nearby seas, England has a moderate climate. Precipitation is heaviest during October, it averages about 760 mm annually in most of England.England has some agricultural and mineral resources but must rely on imports of both. Approximately two-fifths of the land area is arable, and the richest soils are put up in the east.The soil is general ly rocky and infertile, except for that of the Central Lowlands.Much of the soil of Wales is of infertile rocky or leached types. The most fertile soils are in the southeast and in a few coastal areas.Only about 8.5% of Britain land is forested, and half of this was planted forty years ago. Britains natural forest cover has been cut down over hundreds of years, especially in the 18th and 19th century.The most common species of trees indigenous to Scotland are oak and conifers mainly fir, pine, and larch. openhanded forested areas are rare, and woodlands are in the southern and eastern Highlands. Vegetation in the elevated regions consists largely of heather, ferns, mosses, and grasses. Practically all of the cultivated plants of Scotland were imported from the States and Europe.More than 3/4 of the land is used for agriculture farming and grazing occupy the same amount of land. The most important crops are wheat, oats, and potatoes. former(a) crops include barley, turnips, and pr oduction.Wales has ferns and mosses in low-lying, wet areas. Grasslands are mainly at higher elevations. Crops include barley, oats, potatoes, and hay. Less than 10% of the land is under cultivation, and about 40% are in grazing land. Forests cover only about 4% of the land, but government reforestation programs are increasing in the area.England used to be firmly forested, mainly oak and beech in the lowlands and pine and birch in the mountains. Woodlands now make-up less than 4% of the total land area. Many types of fruit trees grow in England, including the cherry, apple, and plum trees. Gorse is a common shrub. Many varieties of wildflowers also grow here.During the eighteenth century, Britain gained an empire by colonising parts of North America, Africa and Asia. By the nineteenth century, England was bringing back much wealth from these colonies. The trade in slaves and other goods from the colonies supplied the money to build the factories and the machines of Britains Indust rial Revolution. The country developed straining industries like coal mining, iron and steel manufacturing, engineering and shipbuilding. However in the twentieth century other countries revolutionised and began to compete with Britain in the overseas markets so British exports declined.From the 1950s on, many former Britain colonies in Africa and Asia became independent and made their own industries, this affecting Britains imports and exports. All over Britain factories, mills etc closed.By the 1990s the surpass of the decline had finished and Britain began to concentrate on new hi-tech and service industries.In the last 25 years, microelectronics has become one of the fastest growing sectors of Britain industry. It is a new phase of industrial growth which scientists call re-industrialisation. The future for Britain as a manufacturing nation looks good and it depends on whether it can develop and specialise in hi-tech industries such as aerospace, computers, electronics, telec ommunications and biotechnology.The private car is the most popular form of transport for most British people. The British rail company is fitting more modernised with new high-speed rail services. Air transport in Britain is also important and very popular. The British industry is now more efficient and competitive in the world markets because of the governments actions of new industrial growth in depressed areas and growth of service industries in financial, obtain and transport.Telecommunications are administered by British Telecom. 29.5 million telephones were in use in the mid-1980s, giving Britain one of the worlds largest telecommunications systems.In the 1980s 15 commercial program companies gave the telecasting on a basis satellite-broadcasting services have also been introduced. Four television channels are broadcasted at the moment and soon a fifth. 50 commercial firms in the main cities run local radio stations.124 daily and Sunday newspapers and more than 1000 week ly newspapers are published in Great Britain. 15 London newspapers circulate nationwide, and 6 of them have daily circulations of more than 1 million.Britain is a constitutional monarchy the queen is the head of the state but governance is controlled by their parliament. There are two houses of Parliament The House of Commons who are elected by the public and The House of Lords made up of peers.The main British political parties are Labour, Conservative and Liberal Democrat. There are also Welsh and Scottish parties who want to be separate from England.The political ships company system has existed since the 17th century. Several parties win seats in Commons, but Great Britain has worked as a two-party system for more than a century. The bulk party forms His or Her Majestys Government, and the second party is officially known as His or Her Majestys Own Loyal Opposition. The opposition leader is paid a wages from public funds for that role.Britain has a long history as a great political and powerful country. Britain is trying to rebuild its economy by find its political importance.Great Britain is primarily an industrial and commercial nation. It has major industries like transportation, communications, steel, petroleum, coal, gas and electricity. It is a world leader in international trade, it imports foodstuffs and materialism, and exports finished and make goods.Gross Domestic Product $1,018,000,000,000 (US)Gross Domestic Product per capita $17,690 (US)Money pound sterling. One pound = 100 pence.Chief Economic Products agriculture, fishing, mining, manufacturing.Employment sectionalisation 58% Trades and Services2% Agriculture, Forestry, FishingEducation is very important to everyone in Britain. All children have to go to school once they turn five, and must attend till they turn sixteen. Two education systems exist one is free and funded by the government and the other is private where parents pay school fees for childrens education. Student s can continue their education at colleges at higher levels or universities there are 46 universities. The government is trying to encourage more students to go into higher education.Religion The Church of England has the most members, 54%, in Great Britain. Most members, however, live in England. The second biggest religion, is the Roman Catholic Church (13%). Catholics are spread throughout the country. Other religions include Protestantism (which includes the religions of Wales and Scotland), Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, and Sikhism.Health General physicians in Great Britain are part of the National Health Service, although some also have private patients. The service provides full, free medical care to all people.Family Life Most British people live in houses and 15% live in flats. In the last five years many people have been moving out of towns and cities to live in the countryside because of the urban problems like crime, traffic and air travel pollution.

Life Without Technology Essay

If someone told me that I would have to be applied science-free for 24 hours I would probably have asked them for a tranquilizer so I could sleep through the horrid sidereal day. From the moment my alarm clock goes off in the morning to the time I set it at shadow I am using some sort of technology. I couldnt even eat dejeuner at school without the help of those little machines that parcel out our meal plans. Last week I did my best and tried as hard as I could to be free from technology. Obviously, being at college do it impossible but it was a good experience nonetheless.After my alarm goes off, its time to take a shower. The lights arent necessary so I leave them off. I come back from my shower with sopping wet hair and decide to suck it up and leave the blow dryer in the closet. Its Monday so I only have one class, which means I have more time to torture myself. On the way to lunch my roommate and I take the stairs I live on the 7th floor so we know this wont last long. On my way out I contemplate whether or not the lock on our mailboxes is too technologically advanced for me to use.Honestly, I would have to admit that my day was not all that bad. My wet hair eventually dried itself from running up and down the seven flights of stairs. There is so much that we take for granted it is unbelievable. Even if I wanted to be absolutely free from technology I couldnt. Lights are on everywhere you go and someone always wants you to hark to the message on their cell phone from their boyfriend. There are unavoidable motion sensor lights and unavoidable automatic doors. Car trips, if driving in the motorcar were even allowed, would be extremely boring not to mention dangerous.Without traffic signals there would be a lot of accidents for some reason I wearyt think people would pay attention to little men in bright orange vestswaving flags. I am convinced that without technology smoking and drug use would increase and people would be fat. While people would be forced to walk most places I think that they would on the nose choose to stay closer to home. Sleeping would probably take precedence over most activities, except maybe those associated with reproduction. So basically if you think intimately it the world would literally be one big, fat, high, drunk family.On Mondays I have geography and my teacher lectures with the help of PowerPoint. Since there is no way I can copy notes from just listening I once again must give in to the machine. On the way back from class my roommate and I cut through the Science building to make our trip shorter. It isnt until I am through the second door that I make believe the doors are handicapped accessible and automatic. Its amazing the little things we take for granted. When I get back to the room, seven flights later, automatically the first thing I do is flick on the lights. I then shake my head and turn them off.

Factors Which Influence Learning Relationships And Communication Education Essay

In this essay I give explicate and discourse how motive is sensation of the most of merchandiseing factors that influence acquisition, relationships and communicating in the schoolroom. The duty for making a plus acquisition ambiance lies about wholly with the instructor and motivated scholarly persons get under ones skin this modus operandi a batch easier. Motivation besides plays a fine function in developing relationships in the schoolroom, both instructor and educatee motive. I will besides discourse in greater item later of the importance of affecting the parent or carer in constructing these relationships and how this enhances these relationships. The ability of the instructor to snap on both verbally and nonverbally with their pupils is enormously of import and is the basis on which effectual acquisition is built. Motivation once more is a enormously signifi disregardt factor in this communicating procedure, as a motivated instructor communicates heartfelt with t heir pupils and a motivated instructor leads to the development of motivated pupils.A incontrovertible acquisition environment is one of the most basic demands in revision for meaningful acquisition to happen in a schoolroom ( Kyriacou, 2009 ) . A supportive acquisition atmosphere is one where the pupils are comfy, hold assurance in their instructor, and have a go at it a sense of trust and regard for one another. In order to heighten learning lessons mustiness be organised and the instructor must be after for the custom learning methods that encourage pupils to go actively manifold in larning. This can be done by besides changing the course of study and happening out what our pupils involvements are, giving them motive to larn. Teachers need to dissension themselves to implement different learning methods to excite pleasance in acquisition and accordingly tackle ennui. The debut of new educational attacks such as undertakings and investigative work will let clip for stude nts to describe back on what they learnt and back up this procedure. A survey by Kaplan et Al. ( 2002 ) found that the degree of quick behavior by students tended to be higher in those schoolrooms where the students felt that the presentation of ability and making better than others was the dominant value compared with schoolrooms where the students felt that the dominant value were larning, understanding and bettering one s ain public presentation. Kyriacou ( 2007 ) signals the instructor needs to be relaxed, warm, lovingness, enthusiastic, affected role, and supportive and possess a sense of wit. To make this ambiance, the instructor must prosecute the pupils every bit shortly as the category commences. The schoolroom clime established by the instructor can hold a study impact on students motive degrees and attitudes towards larning. Remind pupils at the start of every lesson that the type of attitude they bring into the schoolroom will hold a wady influence on the acquisit ion that takes topographic point during that category ( Cullinford, 2003 ) .Motivation plays a immense function in making this positive acquisition atmosphere. Harmonizing to Erickson ( 1978 ) the bulk of pupils respond positively to a well-organized class taught by a motivated and actuating instructor that has a caring echt involvement in what they learn. Erickson ( 1978 ) push suggests whatever degree of motive your pupils bring to the schoolroom will act upon the degree of larning. As instructors we need to inquire ourselves the head are our pupils motivated to larn, or are they merely encaged in acquisition and what have we done as instructors to lend to this? Cluck and Hess ( 2003 ) explains that in order to support and actuate scholars we need to assist them develop their ain acquisition schemes. We can make this by learning them to how to utilize their ain acquisition manners, implementing concerted acquisition, promote student to take how they learn, and usage techniques informed by multiple intelligences. When this is done students showed increased motive in category work, improved assignment completion, category engagement, and battle in larning. Therefore, Cluck and Hess ( 2003 ) experience these instruction schemes are positive in bettering the pupil s attitudes towards larning. They besides suggest that the usage of extrinsic wagess such as ends, classs, appraisal and touchable wagess would be less productive in developing motive.Constructing relationships has womb-to-tomb permanent effects for the pupils and will actuate them to go involved in their acquisition. If we can construct good relationships with our pupils it will besides assist them to construct good relationships outside of school and when they leave school. There are a figure of things that are authentically of import when we are seeking to construct relationships with our students, such as naming the students by their first name, strain and happen out what common involvement yo u hold and make it your concern before each category to hold a friendly conversation on the subject. Harmonizing to Regan Morrissey ( 2012 ) how the pedagogue creates a positive acquisition atmosphere is of critical importance in constructing relationships and encouraging pupils. Something that contributes to this is the instructors mode, their verbal and gestural communicating and how they move around the schoolroom. Making a positive schoolroom clime shows how much attempt you as a instructor feel is worthwhile seting into the lesson. A instructor needs to experience relaxed and confident in their ain ability to bring frontward a echt involvement in the lesson. Parents are important to constructing relationships with pupils and one time these relationships are formed we need to be able to keep them and utilize them to our advantage. We should utilize parent/teacher meetings to derive cognition of our pupils parent and as PE instructors, the parents involvements particularly in the clean universe. This can supply a foundation we can utilize to lure these parents to go involved in extracurricular activities. Kyricau ( 2007 ) explains the importance of the function of parents and carers and the demand for instructors to be able to pull in on efficaciously with parents and carers and to cut and esteem the function that parents and carers can do to the development of students wellbeing and to raising students degrees of attainment. Keeping relationships with the parents besides has a monolithic knock on consequence to their siblings as it establishes a relationship for those who may be come ining the school in future ( Duck and Pittman, 1994 ) .Communication harmonizing to Tubbs et Al ( 2011 ) ) is loosely defined as the share of experience with every bit much as 75 % of our full witting twenty-four hours being spent engaged in communicating. The communicating suppositional account developed by ibid ( 2011 ) suggests communicating is a sensitive count ry and messages between two people can easy be misunderstood as channels and elements of intervention can direct assorted messages. As communicating is such an of import portion of larning an indispensable ingredient to going a favored and competent instructor is to be an effectual communicator. Communication is closely associated with self-identity and Hattie & A Timperley ( 2007 ) believe it is one of the most powerful influences on acquisition and accomplishment. Teachers must be cognizant of their verbal and non-verbal methods of communicating with pupils in order to make an unfastened, productive and honest larning environment. Marzano ( 2007 ) believes that communicating is the individual most critically of import issue a instructor has to see.A PE instructor demands to be cognizant of how to pass on both verbally and nonverbally in a high quality mode to maximise the acquisition of the pupils. Teachers need to larn how to utilize such things as oculus contact, facial looks, manus gestures and organic structure linguistic communication as tools for communicating in the schoolroom. The usage of oculus contact and facial looks reduces the sum of verbal communicating the instructor has to utilize in a category and is really utile in such a loud environment as the PE category. The usage manus signals can be adopted to relay positive encouragement to pupils who are making something good. An illustration of this is thumbs up or a bang to admit something that a pupil has done good. To pass on with pupils we need to be sensitive to their demand and listen critically to what they have to state, non believing of replies until the pupil has finished the inquiry. A instructor must be able to pass on to their pupils in order to assist them to go independent scholars develop their ability to turn and develop responsibly. I m a house truster that pass oning encouragement, verbally and nonverbally to the pupils is the best signifier of motive. I am witting on my Mond ay arrangements of making a positive schoolroom clime by pass oning in this mode. I invariably scan the gym, everlastingly interacting, actuating the pupils, invariably praising and promoting but with entire honest and regard. Respect towards the pupils is everything and it is about guaranteed that any pupil instructor who respects their pupils will see the pupils develop a healthy degree of regard towards the instructor. Wragg and Wood ( 1984 ) suggest that surveies have proved how of import positive communicating is in the first few lessons with a new category. It is important to set uping a positive acquisition environment which has already been discussed as a cardinal factor in developing pupil motive.Listening harmonizing to Tubbs et Al ( 2011 ) is a complex procedure affecting earreach, attending, understanding, and retrieving. Gamble and Gamble ( 1994 ) further suggest that going a competent instructor means we must learn our pupils to listen saying that Listening is more th an a doctrine, it s critical for our hereafter . To go an effectual instructor we must develop and expose strong listening accomplishments to portray to our students the importance we place on the procedure. Listening can be something we take for granted, nevertheless listening is an intricate accomplishment and requires developing. We in the instruction profession must promote and supply chances for pupils to pattern listening activities and pass more clip on this of all time of import communicating accomplishment. A motivated instructor enhances the listening accomplishments of their pupils and allows pupils the clip and chance to develop these listening accomplishments. The inquiry needs to be addressed why we frequently hear of hapless hearing as a job. The primary grounds are a wishing of motive and the appropriate hearing accomplishments ( Tubbs et al 2011 ) , who province that of the four communicating accomplishments reading authorship, speech production, and hearing, hea ring has received the least attending from pedagogues.To go a constituent, caring instructor I must get first-class listening accomplishments. From the readings and from my life experiences I am able to associate to my ain personal hearing accomplishments particularly on the Monday arrangements. I must pay attending to what the pupils are stating and non to concentrate on holding an reply before listening to the remainder of the inquiry. I must halt replying the inquiries if the pupils do nt cognize the reply, and take clip to listen expose some aerophilic hearing and think of CARE, ( Concentrate Acknowledge, Respect and see ) . We as instructors must maintain inquiring inquiries to our pupils, and when they speak out, give them the regard to supply your 100 % attending. In order to heighten our listening accomplishments we as pupil instructors are in favourable place on our Monday arrangement to pattern concentrating on the message transmitter and forbearing from giving an sentimen t excessively rapidly. I must esteem that listening is a complex procedure and has to be trained and practiced similar to any accomplishment. I need be patient with the larning procedure to enable me to go through on the accomplishment of the ability to listen to my pupils. Aristotle one time said that we have two ears and but one lingua so that we may listen more than we speak . This is something that I will ever seek to retrieve in my function as a instructor.

Nationalized Health Care

The topic of nationalized healthc ar evokes visceral reactions from supporters and foes alike. The rational argument for such a program is often lost in emotional rhetoric. Those who dont have entryway to good health c atomic number 18 want it. Those who thunder mug allow advantage of the latest innovations want to continue to do so.The morality of the depicted object, however, is irrelevant until we answer a few basic questions. Would nationalized health finagle bankrupt the States? Would the spirit of care be good? Would innovation be stalled in a federally controlled system? These questions have been debated before, but it is rapidly becoming apparent that America go away have to move toward such a system in order to have a healthy, productive workforce in the 21st century. assure shows that it throne be done, and at a lower exist than what baron be expected.Arguments against NHCOpponents of a nationalized health care system fear the creation of a vast federal bureaucra cy. The bureaucracy itself would result in severe tax raises. By its nature, they say, a federal bureaucracy of this size cannot operate efficiently and effectively. Decisions on personal health care should not be put into the hands of the federal government.Profit drives innovation. For this reason, it is no surprise that the majority of medical advances have been made in the United States. A federally controlled system will, by its nature, restrict the profits of firms engaged in medical research. Harvard University economist Kenneth Rogoff was quoted in a recent issue of Reason MagazineIf all countries squeezed profits in the health sector the way Europeand Canada do, there would be much less global innovation inmedical technology.(Bailey, 2005)Reports of spacious waiting times for care in nationalized systems such as Canadas have further energized opponents of NHC. Americans deserve the surpass in healthcare. How can a system that relies on rationing of health care provide the best in care? Those who can move over it have access to the best health care in the United States. For those who cannot, there are already many options. Health insurance pools, Medicare, Medicaid, hospital and corporate assistance programs provide a safety net for those without standard insurance. The overwhelming cost of heath care simply cannot be borne by the federal government. Tax increases will cause the sacking of jobs and create a drag on the economy that benefits no one.Arguments for NHCMany Americans assume that they are getting the best health care in the world. This is not ineluctably true. Mortality rates and other measures of overall health lag behind other countries that have nationalized single-payer systems.The cost of health care has alike become a major issue that will have ripple effects through the economy. A recent article by Julie Appleby in USA Today cites try that should concern employers trying to maintain a productive workforceAlready the average yea rly cost of the most popular type of insurance designing offered by employers hit $11,765 this yearAverage premiumshave risen 87% since 2000, while workers earnings have risen 20%.(2006)The multi-payer, multi-layered system of healthcare in the United States generates billions of dollars of waste. In fact, enough money could be saved by moving to a single-payer structure to pay for the health care of the 46 trillion Americans who are not insured.A New York Times article cites evidence from a New England Journal of Medicine study that a single-payer system could actually cost lessadministrative cost represented 31 percent of total health carespending in the United States, about double the coincidence inCanada, which has a single-payer system.(Lohr, 2004)In our current system, claims are shuffled back and forth between insurance agencies, employers and the government. The cost of this paper shuffling cannot be underestimated. The time involved also penalizes the provider who may hav e to wait for months to get paid for services as each agency tries to negotiate a favorable price.Dr. Himmelman, a author of the NEJM study concludes thatThe savings from moving to a single-payer system, estimated, wouldbe roughly $375 billion a year. That allows you to cover everyone.(Lohr, 2004)Spreading the risk among the entire population would also reduce be. This, in fact, is how insurance companies make money. With the entire adult population paid premiums to the government in the form of taxes, the cost for any one individual is held to a minimum.Innovation can, and does, unchanging exist under a single payer structure. Drug companies, for example, will still have access to federal funds for research and development. They still can reap tremendous profits by developing widely used medicines. Patient financial assistance programs, which most drug companies have, would no longer be necessary in a fully insured nation. They will also save money from only having to deal with one entity. That money can therefore be used for R & D.Innovation has not dried up in countries that have single-payer systems. For example, many of the recent advances in the treatment of juvenile diabetes have originated in Canada or Europe. The Edmonton protocol provides hope for a cure through islet cell transplants. Their studies are now being replicated in the United States. Profits are still enormous for innovative companies in those countries. In the U.S. the profits for these innovative firms are not necessarily as high as one might expect. The lions share of health care profits in our system goes to the insurance companies. Those companies make money, in effect, by rationing health care, thereby spreading their risk. Predictably, they are against a nationalized system that would cut them out of the loop.Analysis and ConclusionPowerful insurance companies and other lobbying interests have been able to forestall a nationalized health care system. The last major render was made early in the Clinton presidency. Our country has changed dramatically even since then. The robust economy has drawn millions of new workers. At the same time, health care costs have spiraled to unprecedented levels. Continued economic growth requires a productive, permanent workforce.The Census bureau estimates that 46.6 million Americans are without health insurance, greatly limiting their access to preventive care. Preventive care is the single most important element to maintaining long-term health. Millions more(prenominal) people are under insured. Who are the uninsured? concord to the New York TimesEighty percent of the uninsured are members of working families.But either their employers do not offer health insurance or they rallytheir share of the employers plans too expensive.(Lohr, 2004)Some who resist a national system argue that individual health savings accounts can be an effective way of paying for health care. In some cases, this is true. A question arises, how ever Can health savings accounts keep up with the spiraling cost of health care? For most people, it is unlikely.A single-payer, nationalized health care system would have multiple benefits for the United States. Employer costs would be reduced, freeing them to expand their businesses and create more jobs. The administrative costs of a single federal system would be enormous, but still less than the multi-payer system we have today.Individuals would have guaranteed access to preventive care, an act that has been proven to save money in the long run for both the person and the system.More healthy days for the workers means more production at work and more growth of business. That, in turn, brings more tax revenue to the government. If tax increases are necessary for the initial set-up of the system, they will be more than offset by the decreases, or elimination, of health care premiums.Given the nature of our global, competitive economy, it just makes good sense to keep as many peopl e healthy and productive for as long as possible. This means that everyone has to have access to health care. Unfortunately, this is getting progressively more difficult. Eventually, the nation will pay an economic price for this.The good tidings is that the evidence shows us that national health care is not as expensive or substandard as we may think. The United States can afford a national health system. Instead of being a drag on the economy it would be a stimulant. Sooner or later it will become necessary.SourcesAppleby, Julie. Consumer unease with U.S. health care grows. USA Today, 16 Oct.2006.Bailey, Ronald. 2005 Medical Care Forever. Reason Magazine, 15 Jun. 2005.Clancy, James. U.S. should adopt Canadas public health care model. National Unionof Public and General Employees online 2004. Accessed 27 Nov. 2006 from Lohr, Steve. The Disparate Consensus on Health Care for All. The New York Times

Punishment: Forms and Functions Essay

In a contemporary society where crime takes place we expect the state countenance to dispense justice in the form of penalization to maintain social solidarity. There be many forms of vindicatement that can be don to an offender, some(prenominal)ly with their own functions for the offender and society itself. Im prison housement is one of the most widely used forms of penaltys globally, the ideology of imprisonment globally tends to remain the same. There are several functions of imprisonment and whether it is an effective method of punishment is widely argued by sociologist. To remove the offender from society, as to keep society safe is one function that stands come forward, by putting the offender in a uplifted security environment you take away their freedom to commit offences towards the cosmos again. save it could be argued that prison is deemed an unsafe environment for the offender itself as an institution, for many its an environment where they have to adapt to survive, in which case becoming a breeding more criminals as a result of this or producing victims.Alternative punishment such as house arrest or probation would be more suitable in the face of the offenders personal safety, whereby they are still paying for the crimes they have committed, with limitations on their freedom, however they are much safer. Statistics show that 50% of offenders that are released from prison are likely to reoffend within 3 years, which is the same lay as those who are given these alternative punishment. With 3% of the American population in prison and a large majority of those likely to reoffend within 3 year of release, they should be looking for alternative approaches to prison that takes into account the safety of the offender. merely it could be argued that prison is there to be tough and that the people in there are criminals and should be treated as such. An alternative approach to prison that has be found to be particularly thriving across Amer ica in minify the number of young people entering prison and reducing the reoffending rates are correctional facilities, which implements army regimes, with an aim to instil discipline, self-control and work ethic into juveniles.This form of punishment works ground on the radical of giving young people who have committed the change to go through a programme or carry on with their sentence. This form of punishment works based on the idea of deterrence as mentioned in item B, which in the case of this form of punishment where it is heavily applied it is successful proven by the low rates of reoffending after graduation from correctionalfacilities. However it can be argued its thorny to prove the effectiveness of deterrence, because yet the offenders who werent deterred by possible consequences of the actions will come to face the enforcement of the punishment, therefore it does not tell us why others do not offend. Making punishments based on deterrence is based on a key concept that offenders choose to obey or disobey the law having calculated the possible gains and consequences of their actions.It could be argued that all forms of punishment are based on deterrence, we have punishment to deter the public from committing crimes, and it forces society to conform. Over the many centuries that there have been prison systems there have been changes in the way offenders have been treated, one concept that is present in todays prison system is the idea of rehabilitation, this is aiming to remedy the offender to give them the support and skills they needs to be able to go back into society once they have served their sentence, and in turn stop them reoffending.This as a function of punishment is generally very positive, its helping the offender, their still contained in a high security environment away from the public however for many offenders they tend to be uneducated or lack vocational skills which has left them unsupported previously, with rehabilitation th eyre able to gain these skills so they can go out and get jobs, meaning theyre less(prenominal) likely to lead criminal lives when theyre released from prison. However Rothman 1973 rejects the idea of rehabilitating offenders, he believes that collectable to the environment theyre in with officers holding huge amounts of mightiness over them, theyre left with little free will and are forced into these programmes. However its often found that many offenders, especially women and ethnic minorities, take well the programmes having been discriminated against in education and in the work place so having had less opportunism before prison. 30 minsWhen assessing the functions and forms of punishment one key aspect I think is important to take into consideration is the role of the crime itself and how that plays out in punishment. Imprisonment, can be a harsh environment, however can be an opportunity for offenders to reflect on the crime theyve committed and who theyve committed it again st. soda justice also gives offender this opportunity to reflect on the harm theyve causedthrough programmes such as victim offender medication, which studies show has a high satisfaction rate for those involved, high victim participant rates, meaning a large proportion of victims who can will take up the opportunity to scold to the victim of their crime, and importantly reduced criminal behaviour by offenders (cumbhert 1994). However a major criticism of victim offender mediation is that its difficult in terms of victims of brutal crimes such rape of with relatives of murder victims. Item B refers to the use of execution as a form of punishment, whereby countries such as the USA still enforce the death penalty, the UK uses the alternative of biography imprisonment for brutal crimes such as murder or rape of a minor. bullying is a prominent concept when discussing death penalty, the idea is that if you take a life where the death penalty is used as a form of punishment, your life will be taken, however research from the death penalty information centre suggests that the use of capital punishment has no effect on the rate of murder case, when they compared states that used the penalty there wasnt much difference between the number of murder cases and in some year It was higher for states with the penalty. In the UK we abandoned capital punishment and replaced it with life imprisonment, which some argue to be unfair on the victims and believe in the take a lie give a life ideology.However when you take into consideration a lifetime imprisonment and was that would actually be like, living with hundreds of criminals for a lifetime, in isolation, without many rights, it could be argued that the offender would endure more suffering, therefore the punishment is right for what theyve done, and theyre serving the time for their crimes. Prison is a form of punishment which is a al-Qaida throughout, Foucault provides an explanation for why prison is so prominent as a form of punishment in our society.In previous years sovereign power was prominent, whereby punishment would be handled by those in power of the land, i.e. the king or queen, this would be done in a manner of cruelty and brutally aiming to punish the body for the crimes that have been committed. In our society we have moved towards disciplinary power whereby punishment is handed out by the authorities, its done so with an aim of disciplining the mind, making them correct their own actions. The idea of self-discipline comes into play in prisons where by prisoners are being watched by guards so act accordingly, in time they will begin to act this way without the guards being there incase they are being watched. There are many forms of punishment and many functions of those punishments, and whether a punishment is successful depends on what the aim is and who the punishment is applied to. For example many argue that a fine is a suitable punishment for speeding and acts as a deterrent f or reckless driving.

Domestic Trafficking

Chapter 8 discussed domestic drug trafficking organizations. It distinguished the traditional and untraditional organized crimes. The problem of organized crime in the United States is nothing new. The drug trade has changed organized crime by creating new, violent, and more sophisticated immoral groups. Although these groups often clash, they mostly work together in order to generate a bigger profit. In this chapter, the booked examined some of the largest and most active organized crime groups in the domestic illicit drug trade.One gang discussed was the mafia. The Mafia, known as, La Cosa Nostra, which has been a source of controversy for years. Its roots are in Italy and Sicily during the mid- 1800s. The Mafia is common referred to as a domestic criminal organization, with two factions of traditional organized crime operated in the United States, American and Sicilian Mafia. Mafia families would meet to divide territory, choose rackets, approve new members, and arbitrate dispu tes between the families.During the late 196s and early 1970s, France became well known as a distribution shoot for fir an estimated 80 percent of the worlds heroin. Marseilles became the center of heroin laboratories that processed raw opium brought in from Turkey. Heroin was then smuggles into the United Stated by French Corsicans as well as Sicilian Mafia members. France is no longer considered a major producer of heroin sold on the U. S. securities industry Associations with known Mafia type is illegal, whether a crime is committed or not.Association also applies to the Camorra and other Mafia-type groups. Exile is the locations for convicted Mafiosi have been established I towns with populations of few than 10,000, and an unauthorized exit of the location shall result in imprisonment. Property and other assets are subject to confiscation. Telephone wiretaps are authorized on people hazard of belonging to Mafia-type organizations. The term omerta is defined in its most negat ive connotation as a conduct of noncooperation with public safety fficials due to fear. There is much(prenominal) controversy on what it is that the Mafia actually does. They argue that the evidence to support the existence of such a group is weak and open to other interpretations and that experiential search has failed to confirm the existence of such a dominant, complex, hierarchically organized criminal group. The historical evidence is sometimes weal and contradictory and empirical research conducted on organized crime fails to demonstrate the existence of the Mafias a single conspiracy.There is little doubt that some individuals in linked with the Italian rule criminal organizations in both the United States and Sicily have been involved in Large-scale drug trafficking. Outlaw Motorcycle gangs have created a historic aim in organized crime and in the drug trade. According to U. S. Treasurys Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, OMG have evolved into one of the most reprehensible types of criminal organizations, consisting of killers, psychotics, panderers, and accessible misfits. The Hells Angels, The Outlaws, The Pagans, The Bandidos are all notorious motorcycle gangs.

Othello Essay †Character’s and Their Obesessions Essay

Many characters in Shakespeares Othello become obsessed with the current state of a relationship. These obsessions then hithertotually lead the characters to failure when the obsessions become a goal, instead of something that occupies their mind. The transitions from an obsession to a goal can be seen through the actions of Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othellos room to obsession begins with Iago planting seeds of doubt into his mind, which convinces Othello that Desdemona is being unfaithful. He says to himself, She is gone. I am ab utilized, and my relief/Must be to loathe her (3.3.283-84), and later claims that he will dispatch/To furnish him with some swift means of death/For Desdemona (3.3.492-94). These lines reveal that although there has non been any solid proof, Othellos mind is already constantly busy by the mere possibility of Desdemona being unfaithful to him. His obsession finally becomes exceed when he says In the due reverence of a sacred plight/I here engage m y words, (3.3.470-71).This line reveals that he is set on getting retaliate for being betrayed and thus, has become a goal. It is his goal to get revenge so even when Desdemona afterwards insists that she has done nothing wrong, Othello tells her to confess thee freely of thy sin (5.2.61) and that even if she denies it all, it will not change his mind, as he makes clear by telling her Thou art to die (5.2.65). Othellos refusal to listen to Desdemona is what leads to his failure, for it was his goal to knock off her no matter what she said and only after she is deathlike does he learn that she was actually innocent. Ironically, it is primarily how Desdemona be hire towards Othello that makes him doubt her. After Cassio lost his position as lieutenant, Desdemona accepted the task of trying to convince Othello to grant Cassio. The start of her obsession of getting Cassios line back is when Desdemona says herself that My lord shall never rest,/Ill watch him tame and lambaste him out of patience (3.3.23-24).As a result, she would bring up Cassio quite often and became obsessed with getting his job back. Her obsession and insistence of helping Cassio is presented well when she asks Othello if he can dress down to Cassio tomorrow night, or Tuesday morn. /On Tuesday noon, or nightbut let it not/Exceed three days (3.3.60-64). Her insistence is only elevated when she continues to talk more or less how good a person Cassio and how Othello should let Cassio be received again (3.4.91), even though Othello was demanding to see her handkerchief and was noticeably getting angry. As Desdemona said earlieron in the play, she shall rather die/Than give thy cause away, (3.3.27-28), which presents this obsession as goal that she wants to achieve no matter what, even if it means ignoring Othellos demands for a moment. She insisting too much on reaching her goal and as a result, ended up dying because of it. Iagos obsession is similar to Othellos in the sense that they both sought out revenge and similar to Desdemonas in the sense that they both take it too far, but Iago sought revenge on nearly everybody he came into contact with.His want to make Cassio fall is apparent in the first moving-picture show of the play, when he says Mere prattle without practice/Is all his soldiership (1.1.12) in regards to Cassio being made lieutenant. It is evident that Iago is not satisfied with this outcome and plots to do something about it, as shown when he says I follow Othello to serve my turn upon him (1.1.44). It is established that Iago wishes to hurt Othello and Cassio in some way, which is only the beginning of his obsession of wronging others who he believes have wronged him. As the play progresses, we see that Iago has successfully gotten Cassio to lose his job and have Othello want to kill Desdemona. Othello even gives Iago the position of lieutenant, but Iago continues to use those around him as pawns. After being told by Othello that he must go kill Ca ssio, Iago talks Roderigo into killing Cassio instead, tell him I will show you such a necessity in his death that you shall think yourself bound to put it on him (4.2.247-49).Later on, Iago says that whether Roderigo kill Cassio/Or Cassio kill him, or each do kill each other,/Every way makes my gain (5.1.12-14), which reveals that he only wishes to see his victims fall. This is finalized several lines afterwards with Iago says No, Cassio must die (5.1.24). He could have stopped after becoming lieutenant, but he decided instead to use Roderigo as a pawn once more and continued with his schemes. He tried to use anybody he could as pawn in his schemes, and this included Emilia as well. However, he did not account for Emilia to go against him in the end by admitting that Iago begged of me to steal the handkerchief (5.2.243).This goal to continue wronging others until the end eventually brings Iago to his failure, as he bit off more than he could chew. As presented in Othello, there wer e many a(prenominal) cases in which ones obsession led to their failure. Othello was set on killing Desdemona no matter what, Desdemona was set on getting Cassios job back no matter what, and Iago was set onexacting revenge on those he feels have wronged him no matter what, but the result was that things did not turn for the better. The idea that a character failure is brought upon them when their obsession becomes a goal is evident in the three cases that were presented.

Explore the theme of loneliness in of mice and men Essay

Whilst recitation the novel, Of Mice and Men it becomes apparent that seclusion, is peerless of the main themes that is carried throughout the loudness. This theme is symbolised in almost every character, each(prenominal) expressing l aceliness in their own way. From Crooks, the misunderstood black existence who wasnt al slipway discriminated against Curleys Wife, the sole(prenominal) woman on the feast who had dreams of be something very much bigger, to the leading characters George and Lennie.Whether they are mentally just or whether they piss a fear of being exclusively, they all express loneliness. We are first introduced to the theme of loneliness when George is talking to Lennie about life on a bedcover and how men on a ranch live compared to how they live, saying Guys like us that work on ranches are the loneliest bozos in the world.They got no family. They arrogatet belong no place..With us it aint like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gi ves a damn about us Lennie eagerly finishes Georges description of them saying that not us An why? BecauseI got you to look by and by me and you got me to look after me From this conversation alone it is obvious to us that George and Lennie are on completely different wavelengths intellectually, Lennie being extremely childlike, thinking and speak like a toddler would, and George being a father-like figure, pretendting frustrated when Lennie doesnt understand him, or when he doesnt remember something hes been told, as Lennie pointed out, physically, they are not alone, physically, they do have each other and although Lennie isnt intellectually able enough to understand, mentally, George is alone, travelling and holding conversations with a man who has the mental ability of a 3 year old would not be enough to sign up away the feeling of loneliness.Although Lennie isnt alone, he has a subconscious fear of being alone, of being inclined by George, and like most children, he has a constant urge to have a companion, a pet, so that even when he is alone he has something with him, this is shown through his constant petting of animals, dead, or awake(p) Jus a dead mouse, GeorgeI could pet it with my thumb while we walked along the fact that Lennie subconsciously fears being alone becomes very apparent when Crooks suggests that George may not come choke, Lennie becomes very aggressive, very quickly Spose he gets killed or hurt so he cant come back Like an animal, his fear turns to anger and he moves to attack He stood up and walkeddangerously towards Crooks.Who hurt George? he demanded his fear of being without George is his fear of being alone. While Lennie is with Crooks, Crooks is heard saying Spose you couldnt go into the bunk house and play rummy cause you was black. Howd you like that? This connects to an earlier paraphrase in the book, saying that in Crooks room, there were a pair of large, gold-rimmed spectacles and Crooks mentions to Lennie that his f ather owned a ranch and the white kids came to play at our place, an sometimes I went to play with them, and some of them was pretty pleasant this shows us that Crooks wasnt always discriminated against, he wasnt always alone, in a lot of ways its worse for Crooks than a lot of other black men, because he isnt so used to it, he knows what its like not to be alone, whereas most black men have never cognise anything else, Crooks also speaks out about his loneliness to Lennie saying Books aint no good.A guy needs somebody-to be nigh(a) him. A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. beart make no difference who the guy is, longs hes with you. I tell ya, I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick Crooks has a loneliness which is never-ending, he cant change it.Curleys wife is the exclusively woman on the ranch and the only female woman in the book. Curley is possessive of her, he makes out that she belongs to him and that no one else can have her, that no one else can talk to her. Curley wants the other men on the ranch to know that they cant fade with her, he is threatening towards the men about his wife forever and a day being suspicious of them demanding they tell him where she is even if they dont know, he worries about her being unfaithful, so gets very aggressive when he thinks she has given anyone the eye and it can often lead to fights due to his brainish personality, at one point, he thinks Lennie is laughing at the fact that he cant dislodge his wife and that is when a fight between them occurs, this makes the men wary of talking to her, or even, being near her.Curley doesnt like her communicating with the other men, so she has no one to talk to. At one point when talking to Lennie she is heard saying I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely. Because she is lonely, she always seeks attention, and the only way she knows how to get attention is through her looks. Her over-the top show only highlights her desperation to be noticed by someo ne, anyone.The only people she ever sees refuse to talk to her because they think shes a tart and they see her as jailbait, they refuse to communicatewith her because they dont want to start anything with Curley. Curleys wifes obliviousness to what the men think of her only becomes obvious when shes talking to Lennie, she questions him Whats the matter with me? Aint I got a salutary to talk to nobody? Whatta they think I am, anyways? She is oblivious to that fact that, the more(prenominal) she tries to get noticed the more the men on the ranch will steer clear from her.Overall, I think the loneliest character in the novel would be George, because, not only does he end up physically alone, but, throughout the book he is always alone, whether there are people around or not, he is mentally alone and with Lennie to look after and look out for he must be mentally exhausted after just one conversation with Lennie, his patience and obvious love for Lennie, is in the end the reason he is completely alone, without Lennie, without anyone, from the beginning of the book.George had loneliness coming towards him, whether he knew it or not, he was bound to end up alone, the life he claimed he wanted the life that he said would be so much easier a life without Lennie, by the end of the book, George is one of those men that work on a ranch, by the end of the novel George is one of the loneliest guys in the world

Government Regulation of Tobacco Products Essay

Read the Government Regulation of Tobacco Products Discussion Case at the give the sack of Chapter 8 in your text. In one to two pages, supported by evidence from your text and from other research, answer the following questionsWould you describe the orientation of Reynolds toward tobacco regulation as cooperative or at arms length? How about the attitude of Altria? What do you think explains the differences between the two companies positions? What humankind policy inputs, goals, tools, and effects can be found in this discussion case?Carefully examine the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.Make certain you schedule give study time every day. Even though you may find other things to do, make sure to find time to study. Promise yourself that you will study for one hour each day. If you feel confident(p) in your understanding of the subject, you should still use that time to study. This smart habit will help you to gentle focused when your workload gets heavier later in your college career.

Drug Addiction and Time Essay

I believe that I am an addict, I make a lot of bad decisions in my life. further the worst was my decision to start using drugs. From the daytime that I started using to nowadays I have loved it. And at times I would do just about anything to get it, I have done just about everything except sell my body. I stole from the people I love to get what I needed. Using drugs went from only on the weekends, to a couple times a week, to everyday. The worst part is, is I didnt see that it was down so much of my life.There came a point where just smoking weed wasnt comme il faut anymore, and thats when i should have walked away. I was 16 when I did diacetylmorphine the first time. But it wasnt until a year later when I started shooting up. My outmatch friend and I did everything together and this was no different. We were hooked, she more than I, our lives revolved around getting high. I remember the days we couldnt get it, she would plump up and cry because her body ached for it so bad . I hated seeing her sick, all I could do nothing to help her.It was the worst thing that I have ever seen. When I could I would get her what she needed. We pass our summer days inside. Most of the time we were so high that we couldnt move, but to us that was the best part of the day. At that moment we could finally just close our eyes and breathe. Looking back now the worst part for me is that I helped my best friend kill herself. I provided her with the drug that was sucking her dry. At that point in time I thought I was helping her.We have always depended on each other but this time we depended on something else. We both are not using heroin anymore, and have come out on the other side of that addiction. We both know that if it were placed in front of us we could not say no. Addiction has taken a lot from me. I have lost the trust of my Parents and my freedom I ounce had. My best friend and I toilet not hangout outside of school, were just not good for each other to be around. But most of all I lost respect for myself.

Topic Essay # 93

While I was growing up in Colombia my topic of play was going outside to the park either with my cousins or friends to play until it got dark-skinned and my mom would call me to go back inside the house. Growing up in Colombia is something very different than a cod growing up hither in the United States. My afternoons during the week would always squander more or less the same schedule as I would be back home by whiz in the afternoon, at two thirty I would had already eaten lunch, and by six all my preparedness would be do misbegottening that I would be free to go out and play.If I did non have my homework done my mom would not allow me to go out for the day. The complex in which I lived had a few houses owned by my uncles or aunts, so growing up around family was something I always did. I have a few cousins around the same age identify so all I had to do was walk down the street knock on their verge and ask them to come out and play.For us having fun had a very broad m eaning because it could be something like playing hide and seek, making up games as we went, getting dirty in the park, sit our bikes around the complex or to the other end it was sitting down and talking about our life, with the girls we would do each others hair while the boys just kicked the ball around, just going into individuals house and watch a movie, or just lay there in the dummy with the summer breeze warming up our skin as we looked to the sky and made shapes out of the clouds. My idea of fun was something I could do every day, at any time and never gets tired of it.Having fun it was a endorsement in which I could forget about everything and just enjoy my time with those whom were around. merriment did not always meant doing big things or be in expensive places as at the moment my family did not have the resources to do that but within that I learn that it was the little things that would make up a really nice big picture that actually mattered. With the fact that a few places in my complex were owned by members of my family, something I would always look ahead to when I was a kid was the fact that wherever I went there would always be food.Every single kid always likes to eat, it doesnt matter where you get your food as long as you get it you will be happy. strong I loved being able to eat around those whom I love the most and not always having to eat at my house. All my uncles and aunts know how to cook. With my cousins we would try to switch houses as much as possible so we could have different types of meals made by those whom we love. The recollection of being able to go outside and play all day until it was dark out and then know that when I was done I could go and eat something delicious is something from my childhood that I would never change.I could have fun for a few hours and then look forward to be in the table eating and chatting around those who mean the world to me. I know that if I had grown up here in the United States, this memory from when I was a kid would not be the same as when I moved here everything changed, and being here already for over eight years I can see the difference of opinion in how things really go. I am happy that I had my own idea of having fun, and looking forward to something in Colombia and that is truly a blessing for me.

Disruptive Technology

Disruptive engineering Abstract The objective of this project is to explain the emergence of exuberant engineering in the IT industry that leave al whiz enable and help the organizations egression in a live effective manner. One of the hottest topics in forthwiths IT corridors is the holds and benefits of virtualization technologies. IT companies all over the globe argon executing virtualization for a diversity of business requirements, set by prospects to progress host flexibility and decrease operational embodys. InfoTech Solutions universe dominant IT solution supplier nominate be broadly benefited by implementing the virtualization.This paper is intended to provide the complete details of virtualization, its advantages and strategies for SMEs to migrate. world cc9 IT buzz word is Virtualization. half-size, medium and large business organizations seriously started to re organize their e-business strategy towards the successful dissipated technology of virtualizat ion. Virtualization of business coatings permits IT operations in organizations of all sizes to decrease costs, progress IT function and to sheer risk focussing.The to the highest degree remarkable cost savings are the effect of diminishing impregnableware, utilization of set and push button, as hale as the productivity gains leave behinds to cost savings. In the Small business sector virtualization set up be defined as a technology that permits industry workloads to be maintained independent of troops hardware. Several applications apprize share a sole, somatogenetic server. Workloads enkindle be rotated from one boni exhibit to a nonher with turn out either d proclaimtime. IT infrastructure washbasin be managed as a pool of resources, rather than a collection of physical devices. Disruptive engine roomDisruptive Technology or lush Innovation is an alteration that plants a product or service fall in by reducing the price or ever-changing the securities ind ustry dramatically in a way it does not expect. Christensen (2000) stated that lush technologies are typically simpler, cheaper, and to a greater extent than reliable and convenient than naturalised technologies (p. 192). Before we do every research on degraded technology it is useful and necessary to summarize the Christensens notion of disruptive technology. Christensen was projected as guru by the business (Scherreik, 2000).His work has been broadly referred by scholars or researchers working in contrastive disciplines and topics ilk the festering of reinvigorated product, strategies same marketing and management and so on. In his book The innovators Dilemma, (Christensen 1997) Christensen had through significant observations about the circumstances under which companies or organizations that are constituted lose market to an starter that was referred as disruptive technology. This theory became extremely influential in the management decision making surgery (Vaishna v, 2008).Christensens arguments, from the academic references (Christensen 1992 Christensen and Rosenbloom 1995 Christensen, Suarez et al. 1996) instead of looking in to his famous paperbacks (Christensen 1997 Christensen and Raynor 2003), explains that the entrant might view to a greater extent advantage then the incumbent and it requires the understanding of tether important forces technological cap mightiness (Henderson and Clark 1990), organizational dynamics (Anderson and Tushman 1990), and look upon (Christensen and Rosenbloom 1995).He argued further that societys competitive strategy and mainly its earlier choices of markets to serve, decides its perceptions of economical value in impertinently technology, and improves the rewards it will expect to obtain through innovation. Christensen (1995) classifies invigorated technology into cardinal types sustaining and disruptive. Sustaining technology depends on rising utilitys to an already accomplished technology, at the same time Disruptive technology is current, and re statuss an established technology un evaluately.The disruptive technologies whitethorn slang lack of refinement and often may maintain surgical process problems be bring these are fresh and may not have a verified practical application yet. It takes a lot of time and energy to give rise something immature and in advance(p) that will significantly settle the way that things are done. Most of the organizations are concerned about maintaining and sustaining their products and technologies instead of creating something newfound and different that may better the situation. They will take a crap change and minor modifications to improve the current product.These changes will give a bit of new life to those products so that they can increase the sales temporarily and keeps the technology a bit longer. Disruptive technologies generally emerge from outside to the mainstream. For example the agility bulb was not invented by the ca ndle industry seeking to improve the results. Normally owners of recognized technology organizations tend to focus on their increased improvements to their existing products and try to avoid say-so threat to their business (Techcom, 2004).Compared to sustaining products, disruptive technologies take stairs into various directions, coming up with ideas that would work against with products in the current markets and could capablenessly replace the mainstream products that are being use. So it is not considered as disruption, save considered as innovation. It is not hardly replacing, but improving in the lead what we have now making things enhanced, quicker, and mostly cooler. Either it may be disruptive or innovative technologies are changing the future wave in to reality and slowly started occupying the world.On one hand, the precedent of disruption makes incumbents suspicious about losing the market, while emerging new entrants confident of inventing the next disruptive techn ology. Perhaps, such(prenominal) expects and worries produce more competition in the market place. It seems that every year there is a lavation list of products and technologies that are going to change the world as we know it. One that seems to have potential to achieve the title of a disruptive technology is something that has been around for a while now virtualization.Gartner (2008) describes disruptive technology as causing major change in the accepted way of doing things, including business models, processes, gross streams, industry dynamics and consumer behaviors. Virtualization is one of the top ten disruptive technologies listed by Gartner (Gartner. com). This virtualization technology is not new to the world. As figurers turn into more common though, it became clear that simply time-sharing a hit computing machine was not always ideal because the clays can be misused intentionally or unintentionally and that may hit the entire system to alt. To avoid this multi system concept emerged. This multi system concept provided a lot of advantages in the organizational surroundings like Privacy, security to data, Performance and isolation. For example in organization culture it is demand to keep certain activities performing from different systems. A testing application post in a system some measure may halt the system or crash the system completely. So it is obvious to run the application in a separate system that wont affect the give the sack work.On the different hand placing different applications in the same system may reduce the carrying out of the system as they access the same available system resources like memory, network input/output, lowering disk input/output and priority scheduling (Barham, at,. el, 2003). The achievement of the system and application will be greatly improved if the applications are placed in different systems so that they can have its own resources.It is very difficult for most of the organization to invest on mult iple systems and at times it is hard to keep all the systems busy to its full potential and difficult to maintain and alike the asset value keeps depreciating. So investing in multiple systems becomes waste at times, however having multi systems obviously has its own advantages. Considering this cost and waste, IBM introduced the first virtual mechanism in 1960 that made one system to be as it was multiple.In the starting, this fresh technology allowed individuals to run multiple applications at the same time to increase the performance of mortal and computer to do multit film abilities. Along with this multi tasking agent created by virtualization, it was also a great money saver. The multitasking ability of virtualization that allowed computers to do more than one task at a time become more valuable to companies, so that they can leverage their investments completely (VMWare. com). Virtualization is a hyped and much discussed topic recently due to its potential characteristi cs.Firstly it has susceptibility to use the computer resources in a better potential way increase the companys hardware investment. It is estimated that only 25% of the total resources are utilized in an reasonable data center. By virtualization large lean older systems can be replaced by a highly modern, reliable and scalable enterprise servers reduce the hardware and infrastructure cost significantly. It is not just server consolidation, virtualization offers much more than that like the ability to suspend, resume, check stop, and migrate running Chesbrough (1999a, 1999b).It is exceptionally useful in intervention the long running jobs. If a long running job is assigned to a virtual machine with check shoot downs enab take, in any case it stops or hangs, it can be restarted from where it stopped instead of starting from the beginning. The main deference of todays virtualization compared to the older mainframe age is that it can be allocated any of the services choice location and is called as of Distributed Virtual Machines that opens a whole lot of possibilities like monitoring of network, validating security policy and the distribution of content (Peterson et, al, 2002).The way virtual technology breaks the single operating system boundaries is what made it to be a significant part of technology that leads in to the disruptive technology group. It allows the users to run multiple applications in multiple operating systems on a single computer simultaneously. (VMWare. com, 2009) Basically, this new move will have a single physical server and that hardware can be made in to software that will use all the available hardware resources to create a virtual mirror of it. The replications created can be used as software based computers to run multiple applications at the same time.These software based computers will have the complete attributes like RAM, processor and NIC interface of the physical computers. The only different is that there will be only one system instead of multiple running different operating systems (VMWare. com, 2009) called guest machines. Virtual Machine monitor lizard knob virtual machines can be hosted by a method called as Virtual Machine Monitor or VMM. This should go hand-in-hand with virtual machines. In realty, VMM is referred as the host and the hosted virtual machines are referred as guests.The physical resources ask by the guests are offered by the software layer of the VMM or host. The following figure represents the blood between VMM and guests. The VMM supplies the required virtual versions of processor, system devices such as I/O devices, storage, memory, etc. It also presents separation between the virtual machines and it hosts so that issues in one cannot effect another. As per the research conducted by Springboard enquiry study recently, the spending related to virtualization software and services will reach to 1. 5 billion US dollar by the end of 2010. The research also adds that 50% of CIOs interested in deploying virtualization to overcome the issues like unequal performance systems low capacity utilization and to face the challenges of developing IT infrastructure. TheInfoPro, a research company states that more than 50% of new servers installed were based on virtualization and this number is expected to grow up to 80% by the end of 2012. Virtualization will be the maximum affect method modifying infrastructure and operations by 2012. In reference to Gartner, Inc. 008, Virtualization will renovate how IT is bought, planed, deployed and managed by the companies. As a result, it is generating a fresh wave of competition among infrastructure vendors that will result in market negotiation and consolidation over the coming historic period. The market share for PC virtualization is also booming rapidly. The issue is expected to be 660 million compared to 5 million in till 2007. Virtualization strategy for mid-sized businesses Virtualization has turn out to be a signif icant IT strategy for small and mid-sized business (SMEs) organizations.It not only offers the cost savings, but answers business continuity issues and allows IT managers to Manage and reduce the set downtime caused due to the planed hardware maintenance that will reduce the down time resulting high system availability. Test, investigate and execute the disaster recovery plans. Secure the data, as well as non-destructive backup and restore Processes Check the stability and real-time workloads In these competitive demanding times, SME businesses organizations require to alter the IT infrastructure and cut costs.However, with various storage, server and network requirements, and also sometimes might not have sufficient physical space to store and maintain systems, the companys chances can be qualified by both slight physical space and budget concerns. The virtualization can offer solutions for these kind issues and SMEs can significantly benefit not only from server consolidation, but also with affordable business continuity. What is virtualization for mid-sized businesses? In the Small business sector virtualization can be defined as a technology that permits application workloads to be maintained independent of host hardware.Several applications can share a sole, physical server. Workloads can be rotated from one host to another without any downtime. IT infrastructure can be managed as a pool of resources, rather than a collection of physical devices. It is assumed that the virtualization is just for large enterprises. moreover in fact it is not. It is a widely-established technology that decreases hardware requirements, increases use of hardware resources, modernizes management and diminish energy consumption. Economics of virtualization for the midmarket The research by VMWare. om (2009) shows that the SMEs invested on virtualization strategy has received their return of investment (ROI) in less(prenominal) than year. In certain cases, this can be less than seven months with the latest Intel Xeon 5500 series processors http//www-03. ibm. com/systems/resources/6412_Virtualization_Strategy_-_US_White_Paper_-_Apr_24-09. pdf accessed on 04/09/09 The at a lower place image explains how the virtualization simplified a large utility company infrastructure with 1000 systems with racks and cables to a dramatically simpler form. Source http//www-03. ibm. om/systems/resources/6412_Virtualization_Strategy_-_US_White_Paper_-_Apr_24-09. pdf accessed on 04/09/09 Virtualization SME advantages 1. Virtualization and management suite presents a stretchable and low -cost study platform and an environment with high capability. 2. Virtualization provides the facility to rotate virtual machines that are live between physical hosts. This ability legion(predicate) advantages like business continuity, recovery in disaster, balancing of workload, and even energy-savings by permitting running applications to be transfer between physical servers without disturbing the service. . Virtualization can help you take full advantage of the value of IT Pounds line of products alertness in varying markets A flexible IT infrastructure that can scale with business growth High level performance that can lever the majority of demanding applications An industry- measuring stick platform architecture with intellectual management tools Servers with enterprise attributesregardless of their size or form factor 4. Virtualization can help you to advance IT services The provision to maintain the workloads rapidly by setting automatic maintenance process that can be configured to weeks, days or even to inutes. Improve IT responsiveness to business needs Down times can be exceed by shifting the To a great extent decrease, even eliminate unplanned downtime. Reducing costs in technical support, training and maintenance. Conclusion This is the right time for Small and mid-sized businesses like InfoTech Solutions to implement a virtualization strategy. Virtualization acts as a significant element of the IT strategy for businesses of all sizes, with a wide range of benefits and advantages for all sized businesses.It helps InfoTech Solutions to construct an IT infrastructure with enterprise-class facilities and with a with a form factor of Return Of Investment. It is expected that more than 80% of organizations will implement virtualization by the end of 2012. So SME organizations like InfoTech Solutions should seriously look in to their E-business strategy for considering the virtualization or they may be left behind the competitors. References 1. Adner, Ron (2002). When are Technologies Disruptive? A Demand- Based View of the Emergence of Competition. Strategic guidance Journal 23(8)66788. . Anderson, P. and M. L. Tushman (1990). Technological Discontinuities and predominant Designs a Cyclical Model of Technological-Change. administrative Science Quarterly 35(4) 604-633. 3. Barham, B. Dragovic, K. Fraser, S. Hand, T. Harris, A. Ho, R. Neugebauer, I. Pratt, and A. Warfield. Xen and the art of virtualization. In Proc. 19th SOSP, October 2003. 4. Chesbrough, heat content (1999a). Arrested Development The Experience of European Hard-Disk-Drive Firms in Comparison with U. S. and Japanese Firms. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 9(3)287329. 5.Chintan Vaishnav , (2008) Does Technology Disruption Always Mean Industry Disruption, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6. Christensen, Clayton M. (2000). The Innovators Dilemma. When unsanded Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston, MA Harvard Business School Press. 7. Christensen, C. M. (1992). Exploring the limits of technology S-curve Architecture Technologies. Production and Operations Management 1(4). 8. Christensen, C. M. and R. S. Rosenbloom (1995). Explaining the Attackers Advantage -Technological Paradigms, Organizational Dynamics, and the Value Network. Research Policy 24(2) 233-257. . Christensen, C. M. , F. F. Suarez, et al. (1996). Strategies for survival in fast-changing industries. Cambridge, MA, International Center for Research on the Management 10. Christensen, C. M. (1992). Exploring the limits of technology S-curve Component Technologies. Production and Operations Management 1(4). 11. Christensen, C. M. (1997). The innovators dilemma when new technologies cause great firms to go. Boston, Mass. , Harvard Business School Press. 12. Christensen, C. M. and M. E. Raynor (2003). The innovators solution creating and sustaining successful growth.Boston, Mass. , Harvard Business School Press. 13. Cohan, Peter S. (2000). The Dilemma of the Innovators Dilemma Clayton Christensens Management Theories Are Suddenly All the Rage, but Are They ripe(p) for Disruption? Industry Standard, January 10, 2000. 14. Gartner Says http//www. gartner. com/it/page. jsp? id=638207 accessed on 04/09/09 15. Henderson, R. M. and K. B. Clark (1990). Architectural Innovation the Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failur e of Established Firms. Administrative Science Quarterly 35(1) 9-30. 16. MacMillan, Ian C. nd McGrath, Rita Gunther (2000). Technology Strategy in Lumpy Market Landscapes. In Wharton on Managing Emerging Technologies. G. S. Day, P. J. H. Schoemaker, and R. E. Gunther (eds. ). New York Wiley, 150171. 17. Scherreik, Susan (2000). When a Guru Manages Money. Business Week, July 31, 2000. 18. L. Peterson, T. Anderson, D. Culler, and T. Roscoe, A Blueprint for Introducing Disruptive Technology into the Internet, in Proceedings of HotNets I, Princeton, NJ, October 2002. 19. VirtualizationBasics. VMWare. com. http//www. vmware. com/virtualization/ Accessed on 04/09/09Disruptive TechnologyOne of the most consistent patterns in business is the visitation of leading companies to gravel at the top of their industries when technologies or markets change. Goodyear and Firestone entered the radial-tire market rather late. Xerox let order create the small-copier market. Bucyrus-Erie allowed C aterpillar and Deere to take over the mechanical excavator market. Sears gave way to Wal-Mart. The pattern of failure has been peculiarly striking in the computer industry. IBM surmountd the mainframe market but miss by years the emergence of minicomputers, which were technologically much simpler than mainframes.Digital Equipment dominated the minicomputer market with innovations like its VAX architecture but missed the personal-computer market almost completely. Apple Computer led the world of personal computing and established the standard for user-friendly computing but lagged five years behind the leaders in bringing its take-away computer to market. Why is it that companies like these invest aggressively-and successfully-in the technologies necessary to retain their current guests but then fail to make certain other technological investments that customers of the future will demand?Undoubtedly, bureaucracy, arrogance, tired executive blood, poor planning, and short-term in vestment horizons have all played a role. except a more of import reason lies at the heart of the paradox leading companies succumb to one of the most popular, and valuable, management dogmas. They stay close to their customers. Although most managers like to think they are in control, customers wield extraordinary occasion in directing a companys investments. Before managers decide to launch a technology, develop a product, build a plant, or establish new channels of distribution, they moldiness look to their customers first Do their customers want it?How gravid will the market be? Will the investment be profitable? The more astutely managers ask and answer these questions, the more completely their investments will be aligned with the needs of their Customers. This is the way a well-managed company should operate. Right? But what happens when customers reject a new technology, product concept, or way of doing business because it does not breed their needs as effectively as a companys current approach? The large photocopying centers that represent the core f Xeroxs customer base at first had no use for small, slow tabletop copiers. The digging contractors that had relied on Bucyrus-Eries big-bucket steam- and diesel-powered cable shovels didnt want hydraulic excavators because, ab initio they were small and weak. IBMs large commercial, government, and industrial customers saw no immediate use for minicomputers. In each instance, companies listened to their customers, gave them the product performance they were looking for, and, in the end, were hurt by the very technologies their customers led them to ignore.We have seen this pattern repeatedly in an ongoing study of leading companies in a variety of industries that have confronted technological change. The research shows that most well-managed, established companies are consistently forth of their industries in developing and commercializing new technologies- from incremental improvements to radica lly new approaches- as long as those technologies direct the next-generation performance needs of their customers.However, these same companies are rarely in the forefront of commercializing new technologies that dont initially equalise the needs of mainstream customers and appeal only to small or emerging markets. Using the rational, analytical investment processes that most well-managed companies have developed, it is n early impossible to build a cogent case for diverting resources from known customer needs in established markets to markets and customers that seem insignificant or do not yet exist. subsequently all, meeting the needs of established customers and fending off competitors takes all the resources a company has, and then some. In well-managed companies, the processes used to identify customers needs, forecast technological trends, assess profitability, allocate resources across competing proposals for investment, and take new products to market are focused-for all t he right reasons-on current customers and markets. These processes are designed to weed out proposed products and technologies that do not address customers needs.In fact, the processes and incentives that companies use to keep focused on their main customers work so well that they screen door those companies to important new technologies in emerging markets. Many companies have learned the hard way the perils of ignoring new technologies that do not initially meet the needs of mainstream customers. For example, although personal computers did not meet the requirements of mainstream minicomputer users in the early 1980s, the computing power of the desktop machines mproved at a much faster rate than minicomputer users demands for computing power did. As a result, personal computers caught up with the computing needs of many of the customers of Wang, Prime, Nixdorf, Data General, and Digital Equipment. directly they are performance-competitive with minicomputers in many applications . For the minicomputer makers, keeping close to mainstream customers and ignoring what were initially low-performance desktop technologies used by ostensibly insignificant customers in emerging markets was a rational decision-but one that proved disastrous.The technological changes that damage established companies are usually not radically new or difficult from a technological point of view. They do, however, have two important characteristics First, they typically present a different package of performance attributes- ones that, at least at me outset, are not valued by existing customers. Second, the performance attributes that existing customers do value improve at such a rapid rate that the new technology can later invade those established markets. Only at this point will mainstream customers want the technology.Unfortunately for the established suppliers, by then it is often too late the pioneers of the new technology dominate the market. It follows, then, that senior executiv es must first be able to spot the technologies that seem to fall into this category. Next, to commercialize and develop the new technologies, managers must protect them from the processes and incentives that are geared to serving established customers. And the only way to protect them is to create organizations that are completely independent from the mainstream business.No industry of staying too close to customers more dramatically than the hard-disk- dig industry. Between 1976 and 1992, disk-drive performance improved at a stunning rate the physical size of a 100-megabyte (MB) system shrank from 5,400 to 8 cubic inches, and the cost per MB fell from $560 to $5. Technological change, of course, drove these breathtaking achievements. About half of the improvement came from a host of radical advances that were critical to continued improvements in disk-drive performance the other half came from incremental advances.The pattern in the disk-drive industry has been repeated in mar/y ot her industries the leading, established companies have consistently led the industry in developing and adopting new technologies that their customers demanded- even when those technologies required completely different technological competencies and manufacturing capabilities from the ones the companies had. In spite of this aggressive technological posture, no single disk-drive manufacturer has been able to dominate the industry for more than a few years.A series of companies have entered the business and risen to prominence, only to be toppled by newcomers who pursued technologies that at first did not meet the needs of mainstream customers. As a result, not one of the independent disk-drive companies that existed in 1976 survives today. To explain the differences in the impact of certain kinds of technological innovations on a given industry, the concept of performance trajectories the rate at which the performance of a product has improved, and is expected to improve, over time can be helpful. Almost every industry has a critical performance trajectory.In mechanical excavators, the critical trajectory is the annual improvement in cubic yards of earth go per minute. In photocopiers, an important performance trajectory is improvement in number of copies per minute. In disk drives, one crucial measure of performance is storage capacity, which has advanced 50% each year on come for a given size of drive. Different types of technological innovations affect performance trajectories in different ways. On the one hand, sustaining technologies tend to maintain a rate of improvement that is, they give customers something more or better in the attributes they already value.For example, thin-film components in disk drives, which replaced conventional ferrite heads and oxide disks between 1982 and 1990, enabled information to be recorded more densely on disks. Engineers had been pushing the limits of the performance they could wring from ferrite heads and oxide dis ks, but the drives employing these technologies seemed to have reached the natural limits of an S curve. At that point, new thin-film technologies emerged that restored- or sustained-the historical trajectory of performance improvement.On the other hand, disruptive technologies introduce a very different package of attributes from the one mainstream customers historically value, and they often perform far worse along one or two dimensions that are particularly important to those customers. As a rule, mainstream customers are defiant to use a disruptive product in applications they know and understand. At first, then, disruptive technologies tend to be used and valued only in new markets or new applications in fact, they generally make possible the emergence of new markets. For example, Sonys early transistor adios sacrificed sound fidelity but created a market for portable radios by offering a new and different package of attributes- small size, light weight, and portability. In th e history of the hard-disk-drive industry, the leaders stumbled at each point of disruptive technological change when the diameter of disk drives shrank from the original 14 inches to 8 inches, then to 5. 25 inches, and finally to 3. 5 inches. for each one of these new architectures, initially offered the market substantially less storage capacity than the typical user in the established market required.For example, the 8-inch drive offered 20 MB when it was introduced, while the primary market for disk drives at that time-mainframes-required 200 MB on average. Not surprisingly, the leading computer manufacturers rejected the 8-inch architecture at first. As a result, their suppliers, whose mainstream products consisted of 14-inch drives with more than 200 MB of capacity, did not pursue the disruptive products aggressively. The pattern was repeated when the 5. 25-inch and 3. 5-inch drives emerged established computer makers rejected the drives as inadequate, and, in turn, their dis k-drive suppliers ignored them as well.But while they offered less storage capacity, the disruptive architectures created other important attributes- internal power supplies and smaller size (8-inch drives) still smaller size and cheap stepper motors (5. 25-inch drives) and ruggedness, light weight, and low-power consumption (3. 5-inch drives). From the late 1970s to the mid-1980s, the availability of the three drives made possible the development of new markets for minicomputers, desktop PCs, and portable computers, respectively. Although the smaller drives represented disruptive technological change, each was technologically straightforward.In fact, there were engineers at many leading companies who championed the new technologies and built working prototypes with bootlegged resources before management gave a formal go-ahead. Still, the leading companies could not move the products through their organizations and into the market in a timely way. Each time a disruptive technology emerged, between one-half and two-thirds of the established manufacturers failed to introduce models employing the new architecture-in crude(a) contrast to their timely launches of critical sustaining technologies.Those companies that finally did launch new models typically lagged behind entrant companies by two years-eons in an industry whose products life cycles are often two y. ears. Three waves of entrant companies led these revolutions they first captured the new markets and then dethroned the leading companies in the mainstream markets. How could technologies that were initially inferior and useful only to new markets eventually threaten leading companies in established markets?Once the disruptive architectures became established in their new markets, sustaining innovations raised each architectures performance along steep trajectories- so steep that the performance available from each architecture soon satisfied the needs of customers in the established markets. For example , the 5. 25-inch drive, whose initial 5 MB of capacity in 1980 was only a fraction of the capacity that the minicomputer market needed, became fully performance-competitive in the minicomputer market by 1986 and in the mainframe market by 1991. (See the graph How Disk-Drive Performance Met Market Needs. )A companys revenue and cost structures play a critical role in the way it evaluates proposed technological innovations. Generally, disruptive technologies look financially unattractive to established companies. The potential revenues from the discernible markets are small, and it is often difficult to project how big the markets for the technology will be over the long term. As a result, managers typically conclude that the technology cannot make a meaningful contribution to corporate growth and, and then, that it is not worth the management effort required to develop it.In addition, established companies have often installed higher cost structures to serve sustaining technologies than those required by disruptive technologies. As a result, managers typically see themselves as having two choices when deciding whether to pursue disruptive technologies. One is to go downmarket and accept the lower profit margins of the emerging markets that the disruptive technologies will initially serve. The other is to go upmarket with sustaining technologies and enter market segments whose profit margins are alluringly high. For example, the margins of IBMs mainframes are still higher than those of PCs).Any rational resource-allocation process in companies serving established markets will choose going upmarket rather than going down. Managers of companies that have championed disruptive technologies in emerging markets look at the world quite differently. Without the high cost structures of their established counterparts, these companies find the emerging markets appealing.Once the companies have secured a foothold in the markets and mproved the performance of their technol ogies, the established markets above them, served by high-cost suppliers, look appetizing. When they do attack, the entrant companies find the established players to be easy and unprepared opponents because the opponents have been looking upmarket themselves, discounting the threat from below. It is tempting to stop at this point and conclude that a valuable lesson has been learned managers can avoid missing the next wave by paying careful attention to potentially disruptive technologies that do not meet current customers needs.But recognizing the pattern and figuring out how to break it are two different things. Although entrants invaded established markets with new technologies three times in succession, none of the established leaders in the disk-drive industry seemed to learn from the experiences of those that fell before them. Management myopia or lack of foresight cannot explain these failures. The problem is that managers keep doing what has worked in the early(prenominal) s erving the rapidly growing needs of their current customers.The processes that successful, well-managed companies have developed to allocate resources among proposed investments are incapable of funneling resources into programs that current customers explicitly dont want and whose profit margins seem unattractive. Managing the development of new technology is tightly associate to a companys investment processes. Most strategic proposals-to add capacity or to develop new products or processes- take shape at the lower levels of organizations in engineering groups or project teams. Companies then use analytical planning and budgeting systems to select from among the candidates competing for funds.Proposals to create new businesses in emerging markets are particularly contend to assess because they depend on notoriously unreliable estimates of market size. Because managers are evaluated on their ability to place the right bets, it is not surprising that in well-managed companies, mi d- and top-level managers back projects in which the market seems assured. By staying close to lead customers, as they have been trained to do, managers focus resources on fulfilling the requirements of those reliable customers that can be served profitably.Risk is reduced-and careers are safeguarded-by giving known customers what they want. Seagate Technologys experience illustrates the consequences of relying on such resource-allocation processes to evaluate disruptive technologies. By almost any measure, Seagate, based in Scotts Valley, California, was one of the most successful and aggressively managed companies in the history of the microelectronics industry from its inception in 1980, Seagates revenues had grown to more than $700 million by 1986.It had pioneered 5. 5-inch hard-disk drives and was the main supplier of them to IBM and IBM-compatible personal-computer manufacturers. The company was the leading manufacturer of 5. 25-inch drives at the time the disruptive 3. 5-inch drives emerged in the mid-1980s. Engineers at Seagate were the second in the industry to develop working prototypes of 3. 5-inch drives. By early 1985, they had made more than 80 such models with a low level of company funding. The engineers forwarded the new models to key marketing executives, and the trade press reported that Seagate was actively developing 3. -inch drives. But Seagates principal customers- IBM and other manufacturers of AT-class personal computers- showed no interest in the new drives.They wanted to incorporate 40-MB and 60-MB drives in their next-generation models, and Seagates early 3. 5-inch prototypes packed only 10 MB. In response, Seagates marketing executives lowered their sales forecasts for the new disk drives. Manufacturing and financial executives at the company pointed out another drawback to the 3. 5-inch drives. According to their analysis, the new drives would never be competitive with the 5. 5-inch architecture on a cost-per-megabyte basis-an im portant metric that Seagates customers used to evaluate disk drives. Given Seagates cost structure, margins on the higher-capacity 5. 25-inch models therefore promised to be much higher than those on the smaller products.Senior managers quite rationally decided that the 3. 5-inch drive would not provide the sales volume and profit margins that Seagate needed from a new product. A cause Seagate marketing executive recalled, We needed a new model that could become the next ST412 a 5. 5-inch drive generating more than $300 million in annual sales, which was nearing the end of its life cycle. At the time, the entire market for 3. 5-inch drives was less than $50 million. The 3. 5-inch drive just didnt fit the bill- for sales or profits. The shelving of the 3. 5-inch drive was not a auspicate that Seagate was complacent about innovation. Seagate subsequently introduced new models of 5. 25-inch drives at an accelerated rate and, in so doing, introduced an amazing array of sustaining tec hnological improvements, even though introducing them rendered a significant portion of its manufacturing capacity obsolete.